从古至今,蜂群一直被视为勤劳与协作的象征。无论是《诗经》中“采采卷耳,不盈顷筐”的采蜜身影,还是现代科学对蜂群智慧的研究,这些小小昆虫的社交行为(animal behavior)总是令人惊叹。比如食物信息的传递(foraging signal),不同蜂种也演化出了截然不同的通讯策略。今天,就让我们通过托福阅读真题文章《Communication: Bumblebees Versus Honeybees》,一起来探究蜜蜂(honeybee)与熊蜂(bumblebee)在信息传递上的奇妙差异吧!
*BTW熊蜂也就是我们常说的大黄蜂。没错!《变形金刚》里那个可爱的Bumblebee,名字正是取自这种毛茸茸的蜂类哦!
来源:carolinahoneybees.com
蜜蜂的"舞蹈语言":精准的导航系统
The waggle dance(摇摆舞)of the honeybee has been frequently described and much studied, and it is one of the most complex systems in insect communication. Honeybees evolved in tropical ecosystems(热带生态系统)where they rely mainly on flowering trees, which grow close to one another and may be several kilometers from the nest and therefore difficult to locate(定位).
——《Communication: Bumblebees Versus Honeybees》
在蜜蜂社会中,当工蜂发现优质蜜源后,会立即返回蜂巢表演著名的“摆尾舞”(waggle dance)。这种精妙的舞蹈不仅能告诉同伴食物的存在,还能像精准的导航系统一样指示方向和距离。研究发现,蜜蜂的舞蹈角度会对应太阳方位,而摆动时长则精确代表飞行距离。
这种高度复杂的通讯系统与蜜蜂的进化环境密切相关。正如研究指出的,蜜蜂在热带生态系统(tropical ecosystems)中进化,主要依赖集中分布的开花树木。这些花树虽然彼此靠近,但可能距离蜂巢几公里远,很难准确定位。因此,蜜蜂必须发展出如此精确的舞蹈语言,才能确保同伴们能在茂密的热带丛林中找到这些宝贵的花蜜资源。通过这种"蜂群GPS"系统,一只发现者的信息可以在短时间内传递给数百只工蜂,让整个蜂群都能高效采集那些遥远但集中的花蜜,蜜蜂的聪明程度真的远远超乎我们的想象!
熊蜂的“气味密码”:简单却高效
It has long been assumed that for bumblebees the search for food is essentially a solitary endeavor(独自行动), that workers do not communicate with each other about good sources of forage. However, it has become apparent that bumblebee foragers (bees that look for food) do communicate indicating that they have found an available food source, but they do not indicate a specific location.
——《Communication: Bumblebees Versus Honeybees》
与蜜蜂不同,熊蜂长期被认为“独来独往”,但科学家发现它们其实也有自己的通讯方式!当熊蜂觅食者找到食物后,会兴奋地在巢内奔跑、碰撞同伴,并震动翅膀发出嗡嗡声。最关键的是,它们会传递花朵的气味信息,但不会透露具体位置。新招募的工蜂只能凭气味线索“盲搜”,而非像蜜蜂那样直奔目标。
来源:千库网
“摆烂”的熊蜂?
In the temperate habitats(温带栖息地)in which bumblebees probably evolved, the plants on which they feed are generally more scattered(分散). There is nothing to be gained in recruiting workers to a specific small patch that one bee can adequately exploit single-handedly. Bumblebees may forage over shorter distances than honeybees, perhaps as a result of their smaller colony size, thus rendering communication about the precise location of forage less important. In bumblebees it may be that the costs of conveying this information outweigh(超过)any gains.
——《Communication: Bumblebees Versus Honeybees》
熊蜂为何不像蜜蜂那样传递食物的精确位置?难道是它们"偷懒"吗?其实不然,一方水土养一方“蜂”,这种差异恰恰体现了"适者生存"的自然法则——熊蜂的通讯方式是其在特定生态环境中进化出的最佳策略:
👉环境压力不同:
蜜蜂的蜜源(如热带花树)集中但遥远,而熊蜂的蜜源(如温带野花)分散(scattered)且就近,无需精确定位。
👉群体规模差异:
熊蜂蜂群小,觅食范围窄,粗略的气味提示已足够。
👉成本效益权衡:
蜜蜂招募新工蜂需耗时定位,而熊蜂的“气味广播”更省时高效!
花朵上的“勿扰标记”:蜂类的共同智慧
Both bumblebees and honeybees can distinguish between rewarding and nonrewarding flowers of the same species without sampling the reward available.
——《Communication: Bumblebees Versus Honeybees》
无论是蜜蜂还是熊蜂,都会在采过的花朵上留下短效气味标记,提醒同伴“此花已空”。这种策略能避免重复访问,提升整体觅食效率。托福阅读常考此类动物优化行为(optimal foraging theory)哦!
通过本文的介绍,相信大家对蜜蜂和熊蜂的觅食信号有了更深入的了解!总而言之,蜜蜂的复杂舞蹈和熊蜂的简单气味码,本质都是进化塑造的高效适应。这些知识不仅能成为我们和小伙伴聊天时的有趣话题,还能在托福考场上助我们一臂之力。希望大家都能早日取得理想的托福成绩!
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