提到“聪明的动物”,你可能会立刻想到人类、猩猩或者聪明乖巧的狗狗。但你知道吗?在动物界的“智商排行榜”上,海豚——尤其是瓶鼻海豚(Bottlenose Dolphins)——也名列前茅!它们和鲸鱼、鼠海豚一样,都是鲸目动物,更和我们一样是胎生的哺乳动物。那它们到底有多聪明?今天就带大家一起走进福阅读真题《The Brain Size of Bottlenose Dolphins》,揭开瓶鼻海豚“最强大脑”的秘密!

图源:千库网

如何判断一个动物的大脑聪不聪明?

Large brain size does not always mean that an animal is highly intelligent. A measure of relative brain size that has been applied to a variety of species is the encephalization quotient (EQ), the radio of brain mass to body size(脑质量与身体大小的比值). An EQ of 1.0 means that the brain is exactly the size one would expect for an animal of a particular size, an EQ higher than 1.0 means that a species is relatively brainy(聪明的).

——《The Brain Size of Bottlenose Dolphins》

大脑大≠聪明。毕竟,大象的大脑很大,可它们的体型也超大。所以科学家们会用一个叫“脑化指数” EQ(Encephalization Quotient)的数值,来衡量大脑相对于身体的大小。如果EQ=1.0,说明这个动物的大脑刚好符合它身体的“标准配备”;如果EQ>1.0,那就是“脑容量超标”啦!

瓶鼻海豚的EQ有多高?

Bottlenose dolphins have a very high EQ, about 2.8 or higher. Thus, dolphin brains are not simply absolutely large: they are relatively very large as well. Humans, by the way, have extremely high EQ values, estimated to be in the neighborhood 7.5, making our species the brainiest in existence.

——《The Brain Size of Bottlenose Dolphins》

答案是:2.8这意味着它们不仅大脑本身就挺大,而且“相对于身体来说”,脑容量也是异常“充裕”的。人类的EQ是7.5,是地球上最高的。但除了我们,几种齿鲸类动物(包括海豚)就紧随其后,完胜其他灵长类亲戚。

EQ对比

海豚为啥需要这么大的脑袋?

科学家们对这个问题还没完全搞清楚,但有几个合理的猜想:

回声定位很烧脑!

To navigate(导航)and detect prey(探测猎物, dolphins emit calls into the environment and then listen to the echoes(回声)of the calls that return from nearby objects, a process known as echolocation(回声定位). Among the more plausible suggestions for large brain size are that the complexity of processing high-frequency echolocation information requires the development of large centers in the cerebral hemispheres (大脑半球).

——《The Brain Size of Bottlenose Dolphins》

瓶鼻海豚靠“回声定位”在水下导航和捕猎。它们会发出声音,然后听回来的“回音”判断物体位置。这种高频声音的处理非常复杂,可能需要大脑中有专门的“超级声波分析中心”。

瓶鼻海豚回声定位

社交关系太复杂!

Noted biologist Peter Tyack has studies dolphin brains and argues persuasively that large brains evolved in dolphins to permit complex social functions(社会功能). As is the case with certain primates(灵长类动物), bottlenose dolphins have developed societies in which there exists a balance between cooperation(合作)and competition(竞争)among particular individuals.

——《The Brain Size of Bottlenose Dolphins》

有科学家提出,海豚的大脑是为了应对复杂的社交关系。就像黑猩猩一样,瓶鼻海豚之间也有“朋友关系”、结盟、竞争、互助,甚至还要记得谁曾帮过它、谁不能惹。这种“社会政治”,可能是推动大脑变大的动力之一!

海豚社会关系

不过,也有反例:

Sperm whales(抹香鲸)are very social and good echolocators (that is, good at locating objects by emitting sounds and detecting the reflections given back), yet their EQ values are low—only about 0.3. 

——《The Brain Size of Bottlenose Dolphins》

比如抹香鲸——它们也很“社牛”、会用回声定位,但EQ只有0.3。还有一些小型海豚也很会“声波侦测”,但脑袋也没大到瓶鼻海豚这个程度。所以科学家们目前还不能完全确定是哪一种原因最重要,甚至也许是几种因素一起作用的结果。

抹香鲸

最后一个有趣的冷知识!

养一个聪明大脑可不是件轻松事!比如人类,虽然大脑只占身体的2%,但它却耗掉我们身体20%的能量!所以对瓶鼻海豚来说,保养它们的大脑,也是一项“大投资”呢!

通过这次对瓶鼻海豚大脑奥秘的探索,相信大家对鲸目动物的智慧也有了耳目一新的认识。从惊人的脑容量比值(EQ),到复杂的社交系统和回声定位能力,瓶鼻海豚用它们的“大脑”告诉我们:聪明,不只是人类的专属!这些知识不仅拓宽了我们对动物认知演化的视野,也为应对托福阅读中“神经系统”“进化适应”“动物行为”类文章提供了坚实的背景储备。愿每一位小伙伴都能像瓶鼻海豚在海中畅游那样,自信从容地穿越托福阅读的每一段文字,取得属于自己的高分“声波”!

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