从古埃及金字塔到现代摩天大楼,人类始终在追求更卓越的建筑技术。然而,在昆虫界,有一群低调的"建筑大师"早已掌握了恒温保湿、自动通风的巢穴设计——它们就是白蚁!今天,我们就通过托福阅读TPO《Termite Ingenuity》,揭开这些"活体工程师"如何在千万年进化中,打造出比人类空调房更精妙的生态智能巢穴。
白蚁vs蚂蚁:完全不同的"社会制度"!
Termites, unlike ants, have gradual metarnorphosis(不完全变态发育) with only three life stage:egg(卵), nymph(若虫), and adult(成虫). Ants and the other social members of their order, certain bees and wasps(黄蜂), have complete metarnorphosis(完全变态发育) in four life stages; egg,larva(幼虫), pupa(蛹), and adult.
——《Termite Ingenuity》
你知道吗?白蚁虽然名字里也有“蚁”,但它们和蚂蚁根本不是亲戚!它们的成长方式和社会结构都大不相同,就像两个完全不同的社会制度。
首先,白蚁和蚂蚁的成长之路就完全不一样:
🪳白蚁属于“不完全变态发育”,一生只有三个阶段:卵→若虫(迷你版小白蚁)→成虫。其中的“若虫”就像小号的白蚁,外形和大人差不多,只是没长全。
蚂蚁则是“完全变态发育”选手,得经历四个阶段:卵→幼虫(肉虫子)→蛹(睡在茧里大变身)→成虫。
The worker(工蚁)and soldier castes(兵蚁)of social ants, bees, and wasps consist of only females, all daughters of a single queen that mated soon after she matured(成熟) and thereafter never mated again. The worker and soldier castes of termites consist of both males and females, and the queen lives permanently with a maleconsort(配偶).
——《Termite Ingenuity》
再来看看它们的家庭分工:
蚂蚁、蜜蜂和黄蜂这类“社会性昆虫”,工蚁和兵蚁全是女生,也就是女王的女儿们。女王在成年后只交配一次,然后就靠这一次产下所有后代。
白蚁的做法完全不同。它们的工蚁和兵蚁里,有男也有女。而且白蚁女王会一直和一位“国王”搭档生活,长期合作,共同管理整个“虫国”。
白蚁的"保湿秘诀":打造96%湿度的舒适家园
Since termites are small and soft-bodied, they easily become desiccated(脱水的)and must live in moist(潮湿的)places with a high relative humidity(湿度).
——《Termite Ingenuity》
白蚁虽小,却是掌控湿度的高手!它们柔软的身体特别容易失去水分,因此必须生活在极度潮湿的环境中。科学家发现,白蚁巢就像一个"保湿箱"——内部湿度常年保持在96%以上,温度也控制得刚刚好:温带白蚁喜欢26℃的凉爽,热带白蚁则偏爱30℃的温暖。
Subterranean termites(地下白蚁), the destructive species that occurs commonly throughout the eastern United States, attain these conditions by nesting in moist soil that is in contact with wood, their only food. Some tropical(热带的)termites are more ingenious engineers(聪明的工程师), constructing huge above-ground nests with built-in “air conditioning(空调系统)” that keeps the nest moist, at a constant temperature, and well supplied with oxygen(氧气).
——《Termite Ingenuity》
这些聪明的建筑师会根据环境调整筑巢策略。比如美国东部的地下白蚁,专门选择潮湿土壤和木材交界处安家,这样既能啃食木材,又能借助土壤保持湿润。冬天来临时,它们还会集体搬到冻土层以下的"地下避寒别墅"里过冬。而热带白蚁更厉害,它们建造的巨型地上巢穴自带"恒湿系统",让整个蚁巢始终保持舒适湿润。
会"呼吸"的白蚁城堡:精妙的通风设计
But how is this well-insulated(高度密封)nestventilated(通风)?The answer lies in the construction of the nest. The interior consists of a large central core in which the fungus(真菌)is grown, below it is “cellar(地窖)” of empty space, above it is an “attic(阁楼)” of empty space, and within the ridges on the outer wall of the nest, there are many small tunnels(通道)that connect the cellar and the attic.
——《Termite Ingenuity》
你以为封闭的白蚁巢会闷得慌?其实它们有着令人惊叹的"呼吸系统"!热带白蚁建造的高塔状巢穴就像一座精密的"活体建筑",通过独特的三层结构实现空气循环:
中央的"厨房"——真菌培育区产生热量
顶部的"阁楼"——聚集热空气
底部的"地窖"——储存新鲜空气
Gases, mainly oxygen coming in and carbon dioxide going out, easily diffuse(扩散) into or out of the ridges, since their walls are thin and their surface area is large because they protrude far our from the wall of the mound. Thus air that flows down into the cellar through the ridges is relatively rich in oxygen, and has lost much of its carbon dioxide.
——《Termite Ingenuity》
巢穴外墙上布满了细小的脊状通风道,像建筑物的"呼吸孔"一样连接着各个区域。热空气从厨房升到阁楼后,会顺着这些通道回流到地窖。由于通道壁特别薄、表面积大,氧气和二氧化碳可以轻松交换。这样源源不断的空气流动,让数百万只白蚁在封闭的巢穴里也能畅快呼吸!
看完这篇文章,相信大家都被白蚁惊人的建筑智慧震撼到了吧!这些小小的昆虫建筑师,用千万年进化出的生存智慧,打造出了比人类空调房还要精妙的生态巢穴。从白蚁和蚂蚁完全不同的社会制度,到96%湿度的精密调控,再到会"自主呼吸"的通风系统,每一个细节都展现了大自然的神奇设计。这些知识不仅能让我们在朋友聊天时成为"昆虫小百科",更能在托福阅读遇到Animal Architecture这类话题时大显身手!希望大家都能早日取得理想的托福成绩!
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